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Detailed SUMMARY of the “Saudi-Iran bonhomie”, Editorial, August 21st, 2023:
The relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran, known for exchanging harsh words and geopolitical conflicts, has surprisingly improved over a few months. This positive shift was evident during the visit of Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian to Saudi Arabia, where he exchanged notes with his Saudi counterpart and met Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Both sides described the interactions as productive and aimed at deepening their relationship based on Islamic brotherhood. This warming of ties is attributed to a diplomatic initiative led by China, with quiet support from Iraq and Oman. The positive Saudi-Iranian relationship has significant implications for the Muslim world, particularly in regions with high sectarian tensions like Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain, and Pakistan. It could also contribute to reducing violence in the Yemen conflict, where both countries support opposing parties. The editorial emphasizes the need for resolving territorial disputes amicably to strengthen the peace process, as well as the potential impact of external spoilers such as the US and Israel.
Easy/Short SUMMARY:
Saudi Arabia and Iran usually don’t get along, but recently they have started to improve their relationship. The foreign ministers of both countries met and talked positively about their Islamic brotherhood. China’s help and support from other countries have played a role in this change. If Saudi Arabia and Iran become friends, it could bring peace to other countries with religious tensions. It might also help stop the fighting in Yemen. There are still some problems to solve, like disputes over land, but both countries are working on it. However, the US and Israel might not like this friendship and could try to cause problems.
SOLUTIONS of The Problem:
1. Peaceful Dialogue: To address the complex issues between countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran, it’s essential to maintain continuous diplomatic communication. Regular talks and exchanges allow both sides to express their concerns, clarify misunderstandings, and gradually build mutual understanding and trust. Open channels of communication can help prevent conflicts from escalating and create opportunities for finding common ground.
2. Dispute Resolution: Many conflicts between nations arise from various disputes. By engaging in peaceful negotiations and agreements, countries can work together to find fair solutions that respect the rights and interests of all parties involved. Mediation, facilitated by neutral third parties, can help guide discussions and ensure that both sides have a platform to express their viewpoints.
3. Regional Cooperation: Collaborating on regional issues can promote stability and address common challenges that countries face. By working together, nations can pool resources, expertise, and efforts to find solutions that benefit the entire region. This cooperation can extend to areas such as economic development, security, environmental protection, and disaster management.
4. Cautious Engagement: While pursuing better relations, it’s important to remain cautious and vigilant about potential spoilers and challenges that could arise from external actors. This includes being aware of any attempts to sabotage progress, disrupt negotiations, or manipulate the situation for their own interests. By staying alert, countries can better protect their interests and the progress made.
5. International Mediation: In cases where disputes are particularly complex or deeply entrenched, involving neutral international parties as mediators can provide a fresh perspective and facilitate dialogue. Mediators can help guide discussions, propose creative solutions, and ensure that both sides are heard. Their impartiality can lend credibility to the process and increase the likelihood of reaching a peaceful resolution.
IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article:
- Saudi-Iran relationship has warmed remarkably in a short time.
- Chinese-led diplomatic initiative and support from Iraq and Oman contributed to the improved ties.
- Positive ties between Saudi Arabia and Iran can impact regions with sectarian tensions and the Yemen conflict.
IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the article:
- China played a role in fostering Saudi-Iranian rapprochement.
MCQs from the Article:
1. What recent positive change has been observed in the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran?
A. Increased conflicts
B. Warming of ties
C. Geopolitical rivalry
D. Military alliance
2. What is the main benefit of improved Saudi-Iranian relations for the Muslim world?
A. Increased conflicts
B. Warming of ties
C. Reduced sectarian tensions
D. Geopolitical rivalry
3. What potential role could external actors like the US and Israel play in the Saudi-Iran bonhomie?
A. Supportive partners
B. Mediators
C. Spoilers and challenges
D. Observers
VOCABULARY:
- Rapprochement (تلافی): The reestablishment of friendly relations between countries.
- Escalating (برقرار): Increasing in intensity or severity.
- Impartiality (بے طرفی): Fairness and lack of bias or prejudice.
- Entrenched (جما ہوا): Firmly established and difficult to change.
- Credibility (قابلیت تصدیق): The quality of being trusted and believed.
- Promote (فروغ دینا): To further the progress, growth, or development of something.
- Facilitate (آسانی دینا): To make a process or action easier or smoother.
- Engagement (مشغولیت): Involvement and active participation in a task or activity.
- Misunderstandings (غلط فہمیاں): Mistaken interpretations or perceptions of a situation or statement.
- Complex (پیچیدہ): Complicated and difficult to understand or analyze.
# **Detailed SUMMARY of Navaira Ali Bangash’s article, “Addressing Child Malnutrition,” Published in Dawn, July 8th, 2023**
Navaira Ali Bangash’s article, “Addressing Child Malnutrition,” addresses the issue of malnutrition among children in Pakistan, a topic of serious concern for several decades. The National Nutritional Survey 2018 reveals that 40.2% of children under five years are stunted, while 17.7% are wasted. One of the primary causes for these alarming statistics is poor dietary practices.
Bangash explains that economic development is key to improving a country’s food supply and subsequently eliminating dietary deficiencies. There is a significant disparity in the nutritional status of children between developed and underdeveloped countries, with almost 250 million children in low- and middle-income countries at risk of not reaching their full developmental potential due to malnutrition and poverty.
The author points out the lack of research and data on children’s and adolescents’ health, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. She emphasizes the importance of school feeding programs, noting that almost all countries provide some form of school meals. The World Food Programme’s School Feeding Programme (SFP) Strategy 2020-2030 outlines the vision of a partnership between governments and stakeholders to ensure good-quality meals for all primary school children, which includes integrated health and nutrition services.
However, Pakistan currently has no operational school food programs at the national or provincial level. The last significant step towards school meals was the Tawana Pakistan Project, a government-funded initiative that ran from 2002 to 2005. Today, access to food in schools is a privilege only certain socio-economic groups in Pakistan enjoy. Bangash suggests that the government, NGOs, and volunteer organizations could provide school meals in all government schools.
Despite the economic and political struggles faced by Pakistan’s government, the author suggests small but effective steps towards providing quality meals in public schools. This includes formulating dietary guidelines, ensuring food quality, discouraging the availability of soft drinks and excessive sugar, and encouraging nutrient-rich, fortified foods. Lunchtime should be planned according to the hunger levels of the children to prevent long periods of starvation.
# **SUMMARY In easy words**
The article by Navaira Ali Bangash talks about the problem of not having enough food for children in Pakistan. This problem has been around for many years and is getting worse. Many children under five years old don’t grow as much as they should because they don’t have enough to eat.
One of the main reasons for this is that children don’t eat properly. In countries that are rich, children have better food and grow well. But in poor countries, many children don’t get enough to eat and can’t grow properly. In Pakistan, there’s not much research done on children’s health. It’s hard to get the government to pay attention to this problem and to make changes in schools.
There are some people trying to help children eat better. They want to make sure that children get good meals at school. This is important because children spend a lot of time at school. Right now, in Pakistan, only children who come from families with money can get food at school. This is not fair. The government should make sure that all children get good food at school. Even though Pakistan has a lot of problems, there are small things the government can do to help. They can make rules about what kind of food is served in schools. They can make sure that the food is good and healthy. They can also make sure that children eat at the right time, so they don’t get too hungry.
# **SOLUTION of The Problem**
1. **Establishment of School Feeding Programs**: Government and NGOs should collaborate to introduce school feeding programs across the country, especially in government schools. These programs should focus on providing nutritionally balanced meals that cater to the specific nutritional needs of children.
2. **Formulation of Dietary Guidelines**: The government should develop dietary guidelines for food items available in schools, focusing on the nutritional requirements of students. These guidelines should ensure that food provided in school canteens meets certain health standards and includes a balanced combination of macro and micro-nutrients.
3. **Fortification of Food**: The government should promote the fortification of foods provided in schools to address the issue of malnutrition. This includes the addition of vital vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium, and B-vitamins.
4. **Proper Meal Timing**: Schools should arrange meal times based on children’s hunger levels to prevent long periods of starvation, ensuring that children have access to nutritious food when they need it most.
5. **Increasing Public Awareness**: There should be an increased effort to promote public awareness about the importance of healthy eating habits among children, the effects of malnutrition, and the significance of school feeding programs.
# **IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article**
1. The National Nutritional Survey 2018 (NNS 2018) reveals that 40.2% of children under five years in Pakistan are stunted, while 17.7% are wasted.
2. Almost 250 million children in low- and middle-income countries are at risk of not attaining their full developmental potential because of malnutrition and poverty.
3. Pakistan ranks 99 out of 121 in the Global Hunger Index.
# **IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the artilce**(use your previous knowledge here)
1. Approximately 1 in 3 children under the age of 5 globally is undernourished or overweight (UNICEF, 2019).
2. Malnutrition in all its forms could cost society up to $3.5 trillion per year, with overweight and obesity alone costing $500 billion per year (FAO, 2013).
3. About 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2021).
# **MCQs from the Article**
1. **What is the percentage of children under five years in Pakistan who are stunted according to the National Nutritional Survey 2018?**
A. 25.2%
*B. 40.2%*
C. 30.2%
D. 35.2%
2. **What was the Tawana Pakistan Project focused on?**
A. Infrastructure development
B. Curriculum development
*C. School meals*
D. Teacher training
3. **Which organization has played a pivotal role in devising strategies regarding food at school?**
A. World Health Organization
*B. World Food Programme*
C. UNICEF
D. Food and Agriculture Organization
# **VOCABULARY**
1. **Rampant** (ہرجانے): Something unpleasant and harmful that is getting worse quickly.
2. **Stunted** (نامکمل): Prevent from growing or developing properly.
3. **Wasted** (ضائع کردہ): Used or expended carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose.
4. **Scholastic** (معاہدہ): Of or concerning schools and education.
5. **Malnutrition** (غذائیتی قلت): Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.
6. **Eradication** (مٹانا): The complete destruction of something.
7. **Under-researched** (تحقیق کی کمی): Not sufficiently studied or investigated.
8. **Fortification** (فورٹی فکیشن): The process of adding vitamins and minerals to food.
9. **Bureaucratic** (حکومتی): Relating to a system of government in which most decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
10. **Socioeconomic** (معاشیاتی و سماجی): Related to or concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors.
11. **Privilege** (استحقاق): A special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group.
12. **Subsidised** (سبسڈائزڈ): Supported financially; have money provided.
13. **Starvation** (بہوک): Suffering or death caused by lack of food.
14. **Paramount** (بہت اہم): More important than anything else; supreme.
15. **Practising** (مشق کرتا ہوا): Actively following a particular profession, typically the law or medicine.
16. **Tertiary care** (ترتیب دار نگہداشت): Specialized consultative care, usually for inpatients and on referral from a primary or secondary health professional, in a facility that has personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment.
17. **Venture** (جوکھم): A risky or daring journey or undertaking.
18. **Bottlenecks** (رکاوٹ): A situation that causes delay in a process or system.
19. **Afflicting** (متاثر کرنا): Cause pain or suffering to; affect or trouble.
20. **Attaining** (حاصل کرنا): Succeed in achieving something that one has worked for.
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Prepared by the Expert Team CSSMCQs.com [July 6th, 2023]
Crimes of sardars
Editorial (Published in Dawn, July 6th, 2023)
EVEN though most of Pakistan is a stranger to human rights, Balochistan is particularly dispossessed. With scores of missing persons, bomb attacks, targeted murders, destroyed public property and gas installations, the province has been entombed in poverty for decades, paying the added social, human and fiscal price of military operations. While the Baloch people have endured brutal exploitation at the hands of successive civilian and military regimes, the deeply embedded sardari system in the province, a residue of colonial times, that was formally abolished by the System of Sardari (Abolition) Act, 1976, is still a powerful element that survives on repression and stifled economic growth. Illiteracy and indigence prevent the people from challenging fierce chieftains. Yesterday’s investigative story in this paper cracked the system wide open, exposing the sardars’ private jails. “The phenomenon of private jails,” it says, “is especially entrenched in eastern and central Balochistan where the sardars wield the power of life and death over their tribesmen.” The rulers and sardars operate on an agenda of continuous domination over a province rich in copper, gold and precious minerals. The report reveals “a few months ago, an ISI officer who wanted to crack down against the sardar’s excesses in Barkhan district was transferred by his superiors. Such institutional support continues to enable the Baloch sardars’ impunity: “…law enforcers are well aware that the sardars maintain private jails in their tribal territories, not to mention other criminal actions committed by these powerful feudals.” Therefore, it is time nationalist parties heaped scorn on sardars, when the latter raise Baloch rights issues, and, instead of keeping silent, these parties should demand greater control of Balochistan’s economy with the annihilation of the cruel sardari system. This controversial tribal structure has had its day; political interests must now make way for reforms. Or the people of the province should know that their rights, resources and development funds will not come to them.
SUMMARY:
This editorial discusses the issue of the sardari system and its negative impact on the province of Balochistan in Pakistan. The sardari system, a residue of colonial times, continues to exist despite being formally abolished in 1976. The system allows powerful sardars (tribal chiefs) to maintain control over their tribesmen through repression and stifled economic growth. The article highlights the presence of private jails operated by the sardars, where they exercise the power of life and death over their tribesmen. The sardars and rulers exploit the province’s rich resources, such as copper, gold, and minerals, for their continuous domination. The editorial calls for the annihilation of the sardari system and greater control of Balochistan’s economy to ensure the rights, resources, and development funds reach the people of the province.
SUMMARY In Easy words!:
This article is about a system called sardari in Balochistan, Pakistan. The sardari system is when powerful tribal chiefs, called sardars, have a lot of control over their people. They can even have private jails where they decide who lives and who dies. The sardars and rulers take advantage of Balochistan’s valuable resources like copper and gold for themselves, leaving the people poor. The article says it’s time to get rid of this system and give more control of the province’s economy to the people, so they can have their rights and resources.
Solutions to The Problem:
To address the issue of the Sardar system in Balochistan, several solutions could be considered:
- Fostering Social Awareness and Activism: Raise awareness about the negative impacts of the sardari system through vibrant public campaigns, engaging media platforms, and active community involvement. Encourage individuals to bravely voice their concerns against the injustices and inequalities perpetuated by the system, cultivating a culture of activism and driving social change.
- Promoting Alternative Leadership: Identify and nurture emerging leaders within Balochistan’s communities who possess a genuine commitment to serving the interests of the people and challenging the status quo. Provide them with mentorship, platforms for their voices to be heard, and opportunities to gain the necessary skills and confidence to challenge the authority of the sardars.
- Investing in Community Development: Channel resources towards comprehensive community development initiatives that enhance the capacity and self-sufficiency of the local population. Prioritize investments in education, healthcare, infrastructure, and skill development programs that empower individuals and communities to thrive independently, breaking free from the chains of the sardari system.
- Facilitating Dialogue and Reconciliation: Foster an environment of open and inclusive dialogue between the sardars, nationalist parties, government representatives, and civil society organizations. Encourage respectful and constructive discussions aimed at finding common ground, resolving disputes, and co-creating sustainable solutions that benefit the entire province and its diverse communities.
- Promoting Cultural Revitalization: Celebrate and promote the rich cultural heritage of Balochistan while challenging the oppressive aspects of the sardari system. Support initiatives that revive and preserve Balochi arts, language, traditions, and history. By fostering a deep sense of pride and unity among the people, cultural revitalization can become a powerful force in dismantling the barriers imposed by the sardars.
- Reforming the Legal Framework: Strengthen and enforce laws and regulations to ensure the complete abolition of the sardari system. Close any legal loopholes that allow powerful individuals to exert control over their tribesmen, ensuring that justice and fairness prevail over exploitation and repression.
- Empowering the People: Launch comprehensive education and literacy programs in Balochistan to empower the people with knowledge and critical thinking skills. By equipping individuals with the tools to challenge the authority of the sardars, this can break the cycle of illiteracy and poverty that perpetuates the sardari system.
- Economic Development: Focus on strategic economic development initiatives in Balochistan to alleviate poverty and reduce dependence on the sardars. Encourage investments in infrastructure, industries, and job creation, enabling the people to prosper and improve their living standards independently of the sardari system.
- Transparency and Accountability: Establish robust mechanisms to hold sardars and rulers accountable for their actions. Implement transparent governance structures, independent oversight bodies, and effective anti-corruption measures to ensure that the power dynamics shift from oppressive control to a system that upholds transparency, fairness, and the rule of law.
- Supporting Nationalist Parties: Encourage and support nationalist parties in Balochistan that champion the cause of annihilation of the sardari system. Empower these parties to demand greater control of the province’s economy, amplifying the voices of the people and fostering an environment conducive to meaningful reforms.
These solutions, combined with a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach, have the potential to gradually dismantle the sardari system in Balochistan, empowering the people and paving the way for a more equitable and prosperous future.
IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the Article:
- The sardari system in Balochistan, Pakistan, was formally abolished by the System of Sardari (Abolition) Act in 1976.
- Private jails operated by the sardars are prevalent in eastern and central Balochistan, where they hold power over their tribesmen.
- Balochistan is rich in valuable resources like copper, gold, and minerals.
- The rulers and sardars exploit the province’s resources for their continuous domination.
- The presence of institutional support, such as the transfer of an ISI officer who wanted to crack down on sardar’s excesses, enables the sardars’ impunity.
IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the Article:
(Note: These facts andfigures are not derived from the provided article but are general knowledge.)
- Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan, covering about 44% of the country’s total land area.
- The population of Balochistan is approximately 12 million people.
- Balochistan is known for its vast reserves of natural resources, including natural gas, coal, copper, gold, and minerals.
- The province faces various challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, and underdevelopment.
- Balochistan has a complex tribal and feudal system that influences the socio-political dynamics of the region.
- The sardari system, characterized by tribal chiefs (sardars) having significant control over their tribesmen, has deep historical roots in Balochistan.
- The sardari system has been a subject of debate and criticism due to its potential for exploitation and the stifling of economic growth.
- Balochistan has faced ongoing issues of militancy, insurgency, and separatist movements.
- The province has witnessed a significant number of missing persons, bomb attacks, targeted killings, and destruction of public property.
- Balochistan’s strategic location gives it importance in regional geopolitics and international trade, particularly due to the Gwadar Port.
VOCABULARY:
- Dispossessed (adjective) (محروم): Deprived of possessions, rights, or privileges.
- Entombed (verb) (قبرستان میں رکھنا): Placed or buried in a tomb or grave.
- Sardari system (noun) (سرداری نظام): A tribal system in Balochistan where powerful tribal chiefs (sardars) have control over their tribesmen.
- Repression (noun) (دباؤ): The act of subduing or suppressing something by force.
- Stifled (adjective) (دبا ہوا): Suppressed or restrained.
- Exploitation (noun) (ستمبرداری): The action of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work or resources.
- Impunity (noun) (بے سزا بچنا): Exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action.
- Annihilation (noun) (تباہی): Complete destruction or obliteration.
- Fiscal (adjective) (مالیاتی): Relating to government revenue, especially taxes.
- Institutional (adjective) (ادارتی): Relating to or characteristic of institutions, organizations, or establishments.
- Scorn (noun) (توہین): The feeling or belief that someone or something is worthless or despicable.
- Controversial (adjective) (متنازعہ): Causing disagreement or discussion.
- Tribal (adjective) (قبیلتی): Relating to or characteristic of a tribe or tribes.
- Domination (noun) (استحواذ): The exercise of control or influence over someone or something.
- Empowerment (noun) (طاقت بخشی): The process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one’s life and asserting one’s rights.
- Infrastructure (noun) (بنیادی ساخت): The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
- Oversight(noun) (نگرانی): The action of overseeing, supervising, or managing something.
- Transparency (noun) (شفافیت): The quality of being open, honest, and easily understood.
- Accountable (adjective) (ذمہ دار): Responsible for actions or decisions and required to explain them.
- Anti-corruption (adjective) (منافی بدعنوانی): Opposed to or intended to prevent corruption, dishonesty, or unethical behavior.
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