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SUMMARY of “Open-ended conflict,” Mahir Ali, Dawn, October 4th, 2023

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Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg revealed that in 2021, Russian President Putin sent a draft treaty to Nato, requesting a promise of no further Nato enlargement as a precondition to avoid invading Ukraine. This revelation sheds light on the provocation behind Russia’s military actions. Despite knowing that Nato’s eastward expansion was a red line for Moscow, Western diplomats, including those at the US State Department, allowed Nato membership offers to Georgia and Ukraine, leading to heightened tensions. While Russia’s aggression in 2022 is not justified, Nato’s rejection of diplomatic solutions adds complexity to the situation. Pakistan has also played a role in the European war theater, reportedly supplying weapons to Ukraine. The article suggests that peace should be prioritized over further conflict.

Easy/Short SUMMARY:

Nato’s rejection of a diplomatic solution to Russia’s concerns about Nato enlargement contributed to the conflict in Ukraine. While Russia’s actions are unjustified, Nato’s stance added to the tensions. Pakistan’s involvement in supplying weapons to Ukraine is plausible but should not distract from the need for peace.

SOLUTIONS of The Problem:

Diplomatic Solutions:

• Encourage diplomatic dialogue between Russia and Nato to address concerns and prevent further conflict.
• Promote negotiations and confidence-building measures to reduce tensions in Eastern Europe.

Conflict Resolution:

• Prioritize peace efforts over military escalation, aiming for a resolution that benefits all parties involved.
• International mediation and negotiations should be actively pursued to end the conflict in Ukraine.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article:

• Putin sent a draft treaty to Nato in 2021, requesting a promise of no further Nato enlargement.
• Western diplomats were aware of Russia’s concerns about Nato expansion since the 1990s.
• Nato’s rejection of diplomatic solutions added to the Ukraine conflict.
• Pakistan’s reported involvement in supplying weapons to Ukraine is a subject of debate.
• Emerging signs from Poland and Slovakia are causing concerns in the Western alliance.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the article:

• Nato’s eastward expansion and Russia’s concerns about it have been longstanding issues.
• Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 resulted in casualties and suffering among Ukrainians.
• The role of Pakistan in supplying weapons to Ukraine is a matter of discussion.
• Tensions in Eastern Europe have implications for international relations.

MCQs from the Article:

1. What revelation did Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg make regarding Russia’s actions in 2021?
   A. Russia’s desire to join Nato
   B. Russia’s draft treaty requesting no further Nato enlargement
   C. Russia’s declaration of war on Ukraine
   D. Russia’s support for Nato expansion
   Answer: B. Russia’s draft treaty requesting no further Nato enlargement

2. What does the article suggest should be prioritized to resolve the conflict?
   A. Military escalation
   B. Diplomatic solutions
   C. Nato expansion
   D. Russian aggression
   Answer: B. Diplomatic solutions

3. What is a key concern mentioned in the article regarding Pakistan’s involvement in the conflict?
   A. Pakistan’s role as a peacemaker
   B. Pakistan’s supply of weapons to Ukraine
   C. Pakistan’s military alliance with Nato
   D. Pakistan’s support for Russia
   Answer: B. Pakistan’s supply of weapons to Ukraine

4. What has caused concerns within the Western alliance according to the article?
   A. Poland’s support for Ukraine
   B. Slovakia’s pro-Russian politician
   C. Nato’s expansion plans
   D. Russia’s military alliances
   Answer: B. Slovakia’s pro-Russian politician

VOCABULARY:

1. Provocation (noun) (تشویش): An action or statement that incites anger, annoyance, or hostility.

2. Hawkish (adjective) (جنگجو): Advocating aggressive or warlike policies.

3. Raison d’être (noun) (وجود کی وجہ): The most important reason or purpose for someone or something’s existence.

4. Vantage Point (noun) (مظاہرہ): A place or position affording a good view of something.

5. Puppet (noun) (مانوس): A person, group, or country that is controlled by another, typically a more powerful one.

6. Satellite (noun) (ماهوارہ): A country or region that is economically dependent on a more prosperous country but retains some degree of political autonomy.

7. Overkill (noun) (زیادہ زیادہ): Excessive use, treatment, or action, especially to an excessive degree.

8. Fait Accompli (noun) (کھیل تمام): A thing that has already happened or been decided before those affected hear about it, leaving them with no option but to accept it.

9. Dethronement (noun) (عرش سے گراوٹ): The act of removing a person from a position of authority or power.

10. Missive (noun) (خط): A letter, especially a long or official one.

11. Pole Position (noun) (سب سے اگلی جگہ): The most favorable or advantageous position, especially in a race or competition.

12. Complexity (noun) (پیچیدگی): The state of being intricate or complicated.

13. Hegemonic (adjective) (تسلط کا): Relating to or characteristic of a hegemon, a dominant state or ruler.

14. Tensions (noun) (کشیدگی): Mental or emotional strain; stress.

15. Resolution (noun) (حل): A firm decision to do or not to do something.

16. Mediation (noun) (وساطت): The intervention in a dispute to resolve it; arbitration.

17. International Relations (noun) (بین الاقوامی تعلقات): The study of how countries interact with each other, including diplomacy, trade, and conflict.

18. Alliance (noun) (اتحاد): A union or association formed for mutual benefit, typically between countries or organizations.

19. Signs (noun) (علامتیں): Indications or indications of something happening or being the case.

20. Implications (noun) (ماخذ): The conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.

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