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SUMMARY of the Article “Gender and population” by Nida Kirmani, Dawn [Published on December 23rd, 2023]

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The 2023 census reveals Pakistan’s population surpassing 240 million, reflecting a significant increase of 33.8 million people since 2017. The growth rate, alarming at 2.55%, deviates from the intended downward trend, marking a failure in achieving the replacement-level population growth target of 2.1% by 2020. Comparatively, other countries in the region exhibit lower growth rates. The article emphasizes that high population growth is linked to poverty and underdevelopment, with Balochistan, the most underdeveloped province, having the highest growth rate and maternal mortality rate. Poverty is a key factor behind high growth rates, and despite technological advances, millions of women face unmet contraceptive needs, contributing to high abortion rates and maternal mortality. Gender inequality plays a role, with Pakistan ranking poorly in the Global Gender Inequality Index. The lack of women’s empowerment, education, decision-making power, and access to healthcare contributes to higher birth rates. The article argues that gender equality must be prioritized in the political agenda to effectively address population growth issues, emphasizing a holistic approach centered on poverty reduction, equitable development, and treating women as full human beings rather than mere targets for family planning.

Easy/Short SUMMARY:

Pakistan’s 2023 census reveals a population surpassing 240 million, marking a worrying increase. The growth rate has risen to 2.55%, deviating from the intended downward trend, and the failure to reach the replacement-level growth target is evident. High population growth is linked to poverty, particularly in Balochistan, with implications for maternal mortality. Unmet contraceptive needs contribute to high abortion rates, highlighting the urgency for political will. Gender inequality, reflected in poor rankings on the Global Gender Inequality Index, leads to higher birth rates. The article emphasizes that prioritizing gender equality in the political agenda is crucial for addressing population growth effectively.

SOLUTIONS of The Problem:

1. Empowering Women through Education:

• Prioritize and invest in women’s education to empower them and enable informed family planning decisions.

2. Accessible Contraceptives:

• Ensure widespread availability and accessibility of contraceptive methods to address unmet needs and reduce the abortion rate.

3. Poverty Alleviation Programs:

• Implement comprehensive poverty reduction programs to address the root cause of high population growth.

4. Equitable Development Initiatives:

• Focus on equitable development across provinces, particularly in underdeveloped regions like Balochistan.

5. Promoting Gender Equality:

• Develop and implement policies that promote gender equality, including women’s participation in decision-making, education, and workforce.

6. Public Health Awareness Campaigns:

• Launch awareness campaigns on reproductive health, family planning, and the consequences of high population growth.

7. Improving Maternal Healthcare:

• Enhance maternal healthcare services, particularly in regions with high growth rates, to reduce maternal mortality.

8. Research and Data Collection:

• Invest in research and data collection to understand the specific needs and challenges contributing to high population growth.

9. Community Engagement Programs:

• Implement community engagement programs to involve local communities in addressing population-related issues.

10. Political Commitment to Gender Equality:

• Ensure political commitment to gender equality, with a focus on women’s empowerment, education, and participation in decision-making processes.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the Article:

• Population According to 2023 Census: 240 million
• Population Increase Since 2017: 33.8 million
• Growth Rate (2023): 2.55%
• Pakistan’s Commitment for Replacement-Level Growth (2020): 2.1%
• Balochistan’s Growth Rate: 3.2%
• Balochistan’s Maternal Mortality Rate: 298 per 100,000 births
• Global Gender Inequality Index Ranking (2023): 142 out of 146
• Pakistan’s Growth Rate in 2017: The growth rate was 2.4% in 2017.
• Comparison with Other Regional Countries: The article highlights the contrast in growth rates with other regional countries, such as India (1.10%), Nepal (1.25%), Bangladesh (1.26%), and Sri Lanka (0.83%).
• Youth Bulge: The article mentions the consequences of high population growth, specifically the increasing youth bulge, leading to challenges in absorbing young individuals into the economy.
• Balochistan’s Maternal Mortality Rate: Balochistan, the most underdeveloped province, has the highest growth rate (3.2%) and the highest maternal mortality rate among provinces (298 per 100,000 births), which is the highest in the region.
• Maternal Mortality Rate in Balochistan: 298 per 100,000 births, the highest among provinces and the highest in the region.
• Unmet Need for Contraceptives in Pakistan (2020): According to the UNFPA, 5.5 million women in Pakistan had an unmet need for contraceptives in 2020.
• Abortion Rate in Pakistan (2012): 50 per 1,000 pregnancies according to a study published by the Population Council in 2012. The article suggests that this number might have increased given the current rise in the population growth rate overall.

MCQs from the Article:

1. What is the current growth rate in Pakistan according to the 2023 census?
   A. 1.5%
   B. 2.1%
   C. 2.55%
   D. 3.0%

2. Which province has the highest growth rate and maternal mortality rate according to the article?
   A. Punjab
   B. Sindh
   C. Balochistan
   D. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

3. What is the consequence of high population growth mentioned in the article?
   A. Aging population
   B. Economic prosperity
   C. Environmental sustainability
   D. Increasing youth bulge

4. What is the primary cause of high population growth, as per the article?
   A. Lack of technological advances
   B. Poor education
   C. Persistent poverty
   D. Lack of political commitment

5. What does the Global Gender Inequality Index rank Pakistan in 2023?
   A. 100 out of 146
   B. 120 out of 146
   C. 135 out of 146
   D. 142 out of 146

VOCABULARY:

1. Underdevelopment (noun) (ترقی کا عدم): The state of not being developed or modernized.
2. Maternal Mortality Rate (noun) (والدہ کی موت کی شرح): The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
3. Contraceptive (adjective) (آلاتی حمل روکنے والا): Serving to prevent contraception.
4. Unmet Need (noun) (غیر پوری ہونے والی حاجت): The gap between the need for family planning and its actual use.
5. Abortion (noun) (اسقاط حمل): The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy.
6. Vicious Cycle (noun) (فسادی چکر): A sequence of events that exacerbate each other.
7. Holistic (adjective) (سب جانب سے): Characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole.
8. Equitable (adjective) (انصافی): Fair and impartial; treating everyone equally.
9. Contraception (noun) (آلاتی حمل روک): The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy.
10. Root Cause (noun) (جڑیں سبب): The primary, underlying cause of a problem or issue.

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dawn.com
Gender and Population
BY Nida Kirmani

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ACCORDING to Pakistan’s 2023 census, our country’s population has officially surpassed the 240 million mark — an increase of 33.8m people since the previous census in 2017. The growth rate jumped from 2.4 per cent in 2017 to 2.55pc in 2023, which is a worrying reversal of what was an otherwise downward trend.

Over two decades ago, Pakistan committed to reaching replacement-level population growth rates (2.1pc) by 2020. However, the recent census figures indicate that we are even further from reaching this goal than we were six years ago; this is a clear indication of decades of failed policies and a lack of commitment on the part of the government to reaching this goal.

If we continue at this rate, Pakistan will move from being the sixth most populous country in the world to the fifth — a race we do not want to be winning. For anyone concerned about the well-being of those living in this country, particularly the well-being of its women, this should be serious cause for concern.

Pakistan’s population growth rate stands in stark contrast to other countries in our region. India’s growth rate in 2023 was 1.10pc, Nepal’s 1.25pc, Bangladesh 1.26pc, and Sri Lanka a mere 0.83pc. While economically advanced countries, such as Japan and South Korea, are worrying about an aging population, for developing countries like our own, such a high growth rate is unsustainable and will inevitably lead to a host of environmental and social problems. One consequence that we are currently facing is the increasing youth bulge, with millions of frustrated young women and men who are unable to be absorbed into the economy.

Women’s rights should be at the centre of the political agenda.

High population growth is a symptom of poverty and a lack of human development in general. Hence, the most underdeveloped province, Balochistan, also has the highest growth rate in the country (3.2pc). Consequently, Balochistan also has the highest maternal mortality rate of any of the provinces (298 per 100,000 births), which is by far the highest in the region.

Persistent poverty is one of the major factors behind the high growth rate. Contrary to the popular belief that poor people have more children because they are ignorant, having more kids for those lacking productive assets is actually a very rational decision. The more children one has, the more people there are to contribute to the family income. If the cost of having a child outweighs the benefits in terms of income, then families are likely to have fewer children. But this is only a small part of the story.

Many women end up having more children not because they want to but simply because they do not have access to contraceptive methods or control over their health-related decision-making. Des­pite decades of population planning and te­­chnological advances in reproductive health, ac­­c­­ording to the UNFPA, 5.5m women in Pakistan had an unmet need for contraceptives in 2020 resulting in millions of unwanted pregnancies. For this reason, Pakistan also has one of the hi­­g­h­­est abortions rates in the world — 50 per 1,000 pregnancies according to a study published by the Population Council in 2012. It can be assu­m­­ed that this number has only increased given the current rise in the population growth rate overall. Most of these abortions are conducted under the table by untrained providers, often resulting in the death of the mother, thus contributing to higher maternal mortality rates overall. Countless women die silently every year due to unsafe abortions. This is a tragedy that could easily be averted if only there was political will.

High population growth rates are both a cause and a consequence of gender inequality. Despite Pakistan committing to meeting SDG-5, the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls, little concrete action has been taken. In 2023, Pakistan ranked 142 out of 146 in the Global Gender Inequality Index. Low rates of female education, labour force participation, early marriages, a lack of decision-making power within the household, and a lack of access to healthcare (including contraceptives) all contribute to higher birth rates.

According to the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-2018), only 7pc of currently married women of reproductive age were able to make decisions regarding their contraceptive use. Rather than treating women as fully productive members of society, they are too often treated as vessels to produce more children, whether they like it or not.

Large family sizes with inadequate spacing are harmful to women’s physical and mental health and hinder their full economic, social and political participation. Furthermore, discrimination against women and girls also leads to the practice of son preference; many families have more children in the hopes of producing more sons. It is a vicious cycle. Until and unless gender equality is placed at the centre of the political agenda, and women and girls are valued for their full human potential, our population growth rates are unlikely to decrease. And until and unless the population growth rate starts to decline, the achievement of gender equality in Pakistan will remain a distant dream.

Even though it is women who bear the burden of childbearing and child-rearing, and despite the heaps of research pointing to the connection between women’s empowerment and lower fertility rates, discussions of population planning, if they happen at all, rarely make any mention of women’s rights. Rather, the focus is generally on ‘family planning’, which involves meeting blunt targets with regards to contraception.

While even this would be a welcome step given the government’s poor track record over the past decades, a holistic approach focused on poverty reduction, equitable development, and most importantly, treating women not as targets for family planning but as full human beings is urgently required to bring the population growth rate down to sustainable levels.

The writer is associate professor of sociology at Lums.

Published in Dawn, December 23rd, 2023