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SUMMARY of “Caucasus conflict,” Dawn Editorial, October 4th, 2023

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After more than three decades of conflict, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, one of the ‘frozen conflicts’ following the Soviet Union’s fall, may finally be nearing a resolution. This dispute, located within Azerbaijan but predominantly Armenian, has led to tens of thousands of casualties and mass displacement over the years. Recently, Azerbaijani forces achieved a decisive victory against separatists ruling Nagorno-Karabakh, prompting them to disband their unrecognized administration. However, this victory has caused thousands of ethnic Armenians to flee the region, fearing retaliation from Azerbaijan. The hope now is that these developments bring a lasting end to the violence in this volatile region, fostering an atmosphere of tolerance and tranquility. It is essential for Armenia and Azerbaijan to set aside historical enmity and work towards a new path to peace. Ensuring the safety and unhindered return of Armenian residents to Nagorno-Karabakh is crucial, along with confidence-building measures to reassure refugees. Leaders from both sides are expected to meet soon, potentially paving the way for a permanent peace agreement.

Easy/Short SUMMARY:

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which has spanned over three decades, may be close to a conclusion after recent developments. This dispute, located within Azerbaijan but primarily inhabited by Armenians, has seen significant casualties and displacement. Azerbaijani forces recently defeated separatists ruling Nagorno-Karabakh, causing thousands of ethnic Armenians to flee the region. The hope is that this marks the end of violence in the area and a shift towards tolerance and peace. Armenia and Azerbaijan must work to overcome historical tensions and focus on ensuring the safety and return of Armenian residents to Nagorno-Karabakh. Leaders from both sides are expected to meet soon to discuss a potential permanent peace agreement.

SOLUTIONS of The Problem:

Peaceful Reintegration:

• Facilitate Return: Armenian residents of Nagorno-Karabakh should be allowed to return to their homes without fear of persecution or ethnic profiling. Azerbaijan should ensure their safe return and well-being.
• Confidence-Building Measures: Implement confidence-building measures to reassure refugees that they will be safe in Nagorno-Karabakh. This could include international monitoring and peacekeeping efforts.

Diplomatic Engagement:

• Armenian-Azerbaijani Dialogue: Leaders from Armenia and Azerbaijan should engage in constructive dialogue to establish a framework for a permanent peace deal.
• International Mediation: Involve international mediators or organizations to facilitate negotiations and provide a neutral platform for discussions.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article:

• The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has persisted for over three decades.
• The recent Azerbaijani victory prompted the disbandment of separatist administration in Nagorno-Karabakh.
• Ethnic Armenian residents have fled the region, with over 100,000 people leaving.
• The hope is for a lasting end to the violence and the fostering of tolerance and peace in the region.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the article:

• Historical tensions exist between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
• International efforts have been made to address the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
• The conflict has resulted in significant casualties and mass displacement over the years.

MCQs from the Article:

1. What is the central issue in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict?
   A. Religious differences
   B. Ethnic tensions
   C. Political disputes
   D. Economic competition
   Answer: B. Ethnic tensions

2. What has the recent Azerbaijani victory in Nagorno-Karabakh led to?
   A. Peaceful resolution
   B. Separatist administration disbandment
   C. Increased violence
   D. Ethnic profiling
   Answer: B. Separatist administration disbandment

3. How many ethnic Armenians have fled Nagorno-Karabakh according to the WHO?
   A. 10,000
   B. 50,000
   C. 100,000
   D. 1,000,000
   Answer: C. 100,000

4. What is the primary hope regarding the recent developments in Nagorno-Karabakh?
   A. Increased violence
   B. Ethnic tension
   C. Lasting peace
   D. Separatist victory
   Answer: C. Lasting peace

VOCABULARY:

1. Stalemate (noun) (رکاوٹ): A situation in which further action or progress by opposing parties seems impossible.

2. Bloody (adjective) (خونی): Involving a lot of bloodshed or violence.

3. Dispute (noun) (تنازع): A disagreement, argument, or debate.

4. Decisive (adjective) (فیصلہ‌آرا): Settling an issue or producing a definite result.

5. Unrecognized (adjective) (غیر معترف): Not acknowledged or accepted as valid or official.

6. Administration (noun) (انتظام): The management or control of an organization or system.

7. Atmosphere (noun) (ماحول): The pervading tone or mood of a place, situation, or work of art.

8. Tolerance (noun) (صبر): The ability or willingness to tolerate the existence of opinions or behavior that one dislikes or disagrees with.

9. Persecution (noun) (ظلم): Hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs.

10. Framework (noun) (سیکھو): An essential supporting structure of a building, vehicle, or object.

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