When did the first wave of modernization theory appear?
A. 1950s and 1960s
B. 1970s and 1980s
C. 1980s and 1990s
D. 1990s and 2000s
Explanation:
The first wave of modernization theory emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, as a theoretical framework that sought to explain the process of modernization and the differences between so-called “modern” and “traditional” societies. It was developed primarily by sociologists and political scientists, and it heavily influenced by the idea that all societies would inevitably progress through a series of stages, ultimately leading to a modern, industrialized society similar to Western societies.
What is first wave of modernization theory?
The first wave of modernization theory is a theoretical framework that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, which sought to explain the process of modernization and the differences between so-called “modern” and “traditional” societies. It was developed primarily by sociologists and political scientists, and it was heavily influenced by the idea that all societies would inevitably progress through a series of stages, ultimately leading to a modern, industrialized society similar to Western societies.
According to the first wave of modernization theory, traditional societies were seen as backward, underdeveloped, and in need of modernization. The modernization process was seen as a one-way, linear process, in which traditional societies would inevitably adopt Western institutions, values, and technologies in order to become more developed and modern. The theory also argued that modernization would lead to increased economic growth and development, improved living standards, and greater social and political stability.
Critics of the first wave of modernization theory argue that it ignored the diversity of paths and outcomes of modernization, and that it imposed a Western-centric view of progress and development on non-Western societies. Additionally, the theory was criticized for ignoring the negative impacts of modernization such as environmental degradation and loss of traditional culture.
What is the second wave of modernization theory?
The second wave of modernization theory is a further development of the first wave of modernization theory, which emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. The first wave of modernization theory focused on the idea that all societies would inevitably progress through a series of stages, ultimately leading to a modern, industrialized society similar to Western societies. The second wave of modernization theory, which appeared in the 1970s and 1980s, built on this idea but placed more emphasis on the need for economic development and the role of the state in the process of modernization.
The second wave of modernization theory also highlighted the importance of internal factors such as cultural, political, and social factors in the process of modernization. Additionally, it recognized the diversity of paths and outcomes of modernization and the possibility of non-western countries modernizing in their own way. The second wave also emphasized on the negative impacts of modernization such as environmental degradation and loss of traditional culture. Overall, the second wave of modernization theory is a more nuanced and complex view of the process of modernization.