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🔵 Prepared by the Expert Team  CSSMCQs.com [July 6th, 2023]

Crimes of sardars

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Editorial (Published in Dawn, July 6th, 2023)

EVEN though most of Pakistan is a stranger to human rights, Balochistan is particularly dispossessed. With scores of missing persons, bomb attacks, targeted murders, destroyed public property and gas installations, the province has been entombed in poverty for decades, paying the added social, human and fiscal price of military operations. While the Baloch people have endured brutal exploitation at the hands of successive civilian and military regimes, the deeply embedded sardari system in the province, a residue of colonial times, that was formally abolished by the System of Sardari (Abolition) Act, 1976, is still a powerful element that survives on repression and stifled economic growth. Illiteracy and indigence prevent the people from challenging fierce chieftains. Yesterday’s investigative story in this paper cracked the system wide open, exposing the sardars’ private jails. “The phenomenon of private jails,” it says, “is especially entrenched in eastern and central Balochistan where the sardars wield the power of life and death over their tribesmen.” The rulers and sardars operate on an agenda of continuous domination over a province rich in copper, gold and precious minerals. The report reveals “a few months ago, an ISI officer who wanted to crack down against the sardar’s excesses in Barkhan district was transferred by his superiors. Such institutional support continues to enable the Baloch sardars’ impunity: “…law enforcers are well aware that the sardars maintain private jails in their tribal territories, not to mention other criminal actions committed by these powerful feudals.” Therefore, it is time nationalist parties heaped scorn on sardars, when the latter raise Baloch rights issues, and, instead of keeping silent, these parties should demand greater control of Balochistan’s economy with the annihilation of the cruel sardari system. This controversial tribal structure has had its day; political interests must now make way for reforms. Or the people of the province should know that their rights, resources and development funds will not come to them.

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SUMMARY:

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This editorial discusses the issue of the sardari system and its negative impact on the province of Balochistan in Pakistan. The sardari system, a residue of colonial times, continues to exist despite being formally abolished in 1976. The system allows powerful sardars (tribal chiefs) to maintain control over their tribesmen through repression and stifled economic growth. The article highlights the presence of private jails operated by the sardars, where they exercise the power of life and death over their tribesmen. The sardars and rulers exploit the province’s rich resources, such as copper, gold, and minerals, for their continuous domination. The editorial calls for the annihilation of the sardari system and greater control of Balochistan’s economy to ensure the rights, resources, and development funds reach the people of the province.

SUMMARY In Easy words!:

This article is about a system called sardari in Balochistan, Pakistan. The sardari system is when powerful tribal chiefs, called sardars, have a lot of control over their people. They can even have private jails where they decide who lives and who dies. The sardars and rulers take advantage of Balochistan’s valuable resources like copper and gold for themselves, leaving the people poor. The article says it’s time to get rid of this system and give more control of the province’s economy to the people, so they can have their rights and resources.

Solutions to The Problem:

To address the issue of the Sardar system in Balochistan, several solutions could be considered:

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the Article:

• The sardari system in Balochistan, Pakistan, was formally abolished by the System of Sardari (Abolition) Act in 1976.
• Private jails operated by the sardars are prevalent in eastern and central Balochistan, where they hold power over their tribesmen.
• Balochistan is rich in valuable resources like copper, gold, and minerals.
• The rulers and sardars exploit the province’s resources for their continuous domination.
• The presence of institutional support, such as the transfer of an ISI officer who wanted to crack down on sardar’s excesses, enables the sardars’ impunity.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the Article:

(Note: These facts andfigures are not derived from the provided article but are general knowledge.)

• Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan, covering about 44% of the country’s total land area.
• The population of Balochistan is approximately 12 million people.
• Balochistan is known for its vast reserves of natural resources, including natural gas, coal, copper, gold, and minerals.
• The province faces various challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, and underdevelopment.
• Balochistan has a complex tribal and feudal system that influences the socio-political dynamics of the region.
• The sardari system, characterized by tribal chiefs (sardars) having significant control over their tribesmen, has deep historical roots in Balochistan.
• The sardari system has been a subject of debate and criticism due to its potential for exploitation and the stifling of economic growth.
• Balochistan has faced ongoing issues of militancy, insurgency, and separatist movements.
• The province has witnessed a significant number of missing persons, bomb attacks, targeted killings, and destruction of public property.
• Balochistan’s strategic location gives it importance in regional geopolitics and international trade, particularly due to the Gwadar Port.

VOCABULARY:

1. Dispossessed (adjective) (محروم): Deprived of possessions, rights, or privileges.
2. Entombed (verb) (قبرستان میں رکھنا): Placed or buried in a tomb or grave.
3. Sardari system (noun) (سرداری نظام): A tribal system in Balochistan where powerful tribal chiefs (sardars) have control over their tribesmen.
4. Repression (noun) (دباؤ): The act of subduing or suppressing something by force.
5. Stifled (adjective) (دبا ہوا): Suppressed or restrained.
6. Exploitation (noun) (ستمبرداری): The action of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work or resources.
7. Impunity (noun) (بے سزا بچنا): Exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action.
8. Annihilation (noun) (تباہی): Complete destruction or obliteration.
9. Fiscal (adjective) (مالیاتی): Relating to government revenue, especially taxes.
10. Institutional (adjective) (ادارتی): Relating to or characteristic of institutions, organizations, or establishments.
11. Scorn (noun) (توہین): The feeling or belief that someone or something is worthless or despicable.
12. Controversial (adjective) (متنازعہ): Causing disagreement or discussion.
13. Tribal (adjective) (قبیلتی): Relating to or characteristic of a tribe or tribes.
14. Domination (noun) (استحواذ): The exercise of control or influence over someone or something.
15. Empowerment (noun) (طاقت بخشی): The process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one’s life and asserting one’s rights.
16. Infrastructure (noun) (بنیادی ساخت): The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
17. Oversight(noun) (نگرانی): The action of overseeing, supervising, or managing something.
18. Transparency (noun) (شفافیت): The quality of being open, honest, and easily understood.
19. Accountable (adjective) (ذمہ دار): Responsible for actions or decisions and required to explain them.
20. Anti-corruption (adjective) (منافی بدعنوانی): Opposed to or intended to prevent corruption, dishonesty, or unethical behavior.

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SCO Anticlimax

Editorial (Published in Dawn, July 6th, 2023)

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THE SCO has the potential to become one of the world’s most prosperous and powerful economic and geopolitical blocs, considering its vast geographic scope and the large population of its member states. However, to achieve these goals, irritants between member states must be resolved in a satisfactory manner. Clearly, as the virtual SCO Council of Heads of State summit, hosted by India on Tuesday showed, there are many miles to go before the bloc can achieve its full potential. Bilateral disputes overshadowed the promise of multilateral cooperation, with the host nation using the platform to take a swipe at geopolitical adversaries within the SCO. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s thinly veiled critique of both Pakistan and China during his address was a reminder of the internal challenges that confront the bloc. There was, of course, little hope that the SCO summit could have provided a platform for Pakistan-India dialogue on the sidelines. Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari’s frosty reception in Goa earlier in the year under the aegis of the SCO foreign ministers’ moot was a sign that the welcome for Shehbaz Sharif was unlikely to be any warmer. Perhaps that is one reason why India chose to go virtual and avoid any personal interaction between Mr Sharif and Mr Modi, though there is also widespread conjecture that India opted to hold the summit online to avoid hosting Vladimir Putin. Mr Modi sang a familiar tune, calling for an end to ‘cross-border terrorism’, while also targeting CPEC by saying that connectivity schemes should “respect sovereignty”, in an oblique reference to the megaproject’s passage through Gilgit-Baltistan. PM Sharif paid Mr Modi back in the same coin, cautioning against the dangers of “violent ultra-nationalism” and criticising the use of terrorism for diplomatic point-scoring. It is a rule of thumb that multilateral fora should not be used to settle bilateral scores. If anything, these bodies should provide a conducive atmosphere that can help resolve stubborn regional disputes. Unfortunately, India’s current leadership has shown that both bilaterally and at multilateral platforms, it is not serious about engaging Pakistan in a dialogue for peace. Instead, the BJP regime is more interested in isolating this country by using familiar, tired tropes. If this attitude persists, little will change where hostility in the subcontinent is concerned, and perhaps another generation will be condemned to live in perpetual confrontation. Terrorism, climate change, poverty and disease are all common problems that can be confronted bilaterally and through the SCO, if India chooses to shun its rigidity. Where the SCO itself is concerned, it can be turned into a Eurasian behemoth driving growth in the entire region and the wider world. However, unless the irritants between its member states are resolved, it will remain but a talk shop, much like Saarc has become.

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SUMMARY:

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This editorial discusses the potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to become a prosperous and powerful economic and geopolitical bloc. However, it highlights the challenges faced by the SCO in achieving its full potential, as evidenced by the recent virtual summit hosted by India. Bilateral disputes between member states, particularly between India and Pakistan, overshadowed the promise of multilateral cooperation. The editorial emphasizes the need for resolving these irritants and avoiding the use of multilateral platforms to settle bilateral scores. It also emphasizes the importance of constructive engagement and dialogue for peace and development in the region.

SUMMARY In Easy words!:

This article is about an organization called the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which includes several countries and aims to promote cooperation and development. The article says that the SCO has the potential to become a powerful bloc, but there are problems between its member countries that need to be solved. The recent virtual summit hosted by India was overshadowed by disputes between India and Pakistan. The article says that it’s important to resolve these problems and not use meetings like this to settle personal scores. Instead, the countries should focus on working together to solve common problems like terrorism, climate change, poverty, and disease.

Solutions to The Problem:

To address the challenges facing the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and promote its potential as an economic and geopolitical bloc, the following solutions can be considered:

1. Bilateral Dialogue: Encourage member states, particularly countries with bilateral disputes, to engage in constructive dialogue and negotiation to resolve their differences. This can help build trust and improve relations among member states.
2. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Develop effective conflict resolution mechanisms within the SCO to address disputes between member states. This can include mediation, arbitration, or other peaceful means of resolving conflicts.
3. Promotion of Cooperation: Enhance cooperation among member states in various areas such as trade, investment, infrastructure development, energy, and technology transfer. This can promote economic growth and shared prosperity within the region.
4. Multilateral Engagement: Emphasize the importance of multilateral platforms like the SCO in addressing common regional and global challenges such as terrorism, climate change, poverty, and disease. Encourage member states to work together in finding comprehensive solutions to these issues.
5. Leadership Commitment: Ensure that the leaders of member states demonstrate a genuine commitment to the principles and objectives of the SCO. This includes refraining from using multilateral platforms to settle bilateral scores and instead focusing on promoting peace, stability, and cooperation in the region.

By implementing these solutions, the SCO can overcome its current challenges and become a powerful force for economic development and geopolitical stability in the region.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the Article:

• The SCO has the potential to become one of the world’s most prosperous and powerful economic and geopolitical blocs.
• Bilateral disputes between member states overshadowed the promise of multilateral cooperation at the recent virtual SCO summit hosted by India.
• There were tensions and thinly veiled criticisms between India, Pakistan, and China during the summit.
• The article mentions the frosty reception of Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari, a Pakistani politician, earlier in the year at an SCO event, indicating strained relations between Pakistan and India.
• The article highlights the need for multilateral platforms to provide a conducive atmosphere for resolving regional disputes.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the Article:

(Note: These facts and figures are not derived from the provided article but are general knowledge.)

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional intergovernmental organization founded in 2001.
• The SCO consists of eight member states: China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
• The SCO aims to promote cooperation in various fields, including politics, security, economy, culture, and education.
• The organization covers a vast geographic area, spanning from Eastern Europe to East Asia and encompassing nearly half of the world’s population.
• The SCO member states have diverse economies and possess abundant natural resources.
• India and Pakistan joined the SCO as full members in 2017.
• The SCO provides a platform for member states to discuss regional issues, enhance trade and investment, and strengthen security cooperation.
• The organization aims to maintain regional stability, combat terrorism, and promote economic development among its member states.
• The SCO holds annual summits where heads of state discuss important issues and make decisions for the organization.
• The SCO has observer states and dialogue partners, including Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Mongolia, and Turkey.

VOCABULARY:

1. Geopolitical (adjective) (سیاسی): Relating to the political and territorial dynamics of an area or region.
2. Bloc (noun) (بلاک): A group of countries or organizations united by a common purpose or interest.
3. Irritants (noun) (جذباتی عوامل): Factors or issues that cause annoyance, friction, or tension.
4. Multilateral (adjective) (بہ بہت سے ممالک کے درمیان): Involving or participated in by more than two countries or parties.
5. Swing at (phrase) (آنکڑے مارنا): To criticize or attack someone or something indirectly.
6. Confront (verb) (مقابلہ کرنا): To face or deal with a challenging situation or problem.
7. Frosty (adjective) (سرد): Unfriendly or cold in manner or reception.
8. Aegis (noun) (سند حفاظت): The protection, backing, or support of a particular person, organization, or system.
9. Oblique (adjective) (ٹیڑھی): Not direct or explicit; indirectly stated or expressed.
10. Caution (verb) (تنبیہ دینا): To warn or advise someone to be careful or vigilant.
11. Ultra-nationalism (noun) (انتہائی قوم پرستی): Extreme or excessive devotion or loyalty to one’s own nation, often accompanied by intolerance or aggression towards others.
12. Diplomatic (adjective) (دفتری): Relating to the conduct of international relations and negotiations between countries.
13. Rigidity (noun) (سختی): The quality or state of being inflexible, strict, or resistant to change.
14. Conducive (adjective) (مناسب): Making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible.
15. Megaproject (noun) (مگا منصوبہ): An extremely large-scale construction or development project.
16. Passage (noun) (گزر): The act or process of moving through, across, or over a particular area or route.
17. Tropes (noun) (میثاق): Figurative or metaphorical language or expressions used to convey a particular message or idea.
18. Hostility (noun) (دشمنی): Unfriendly or antagonistic behavior or attitude.
19. Perpetual (adjective) (دوامی): Continuing or lasting for a very long time or indefinitely.
20. Behemoth (noun) (بری قوت): Something enormous or powerful, often referring to an organization, system, or entity.

Please note that the Urdu translations provided are for illustrative purposes only and may not be the exact translations used in common usage.

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Shifting goalposts

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Editorial (Published in Dawn, July 6th, 2023)

ALL over the world, where it concerns matters of the law, the rule usually goes that what’s good for the goose should be good for the gander. Not so in Pakistan, where the powerful have the option of simply rewriting their own laws whenever it becomes inconvenient for them to be applied without prejudice. Almost a year after the PDM government made sweeping changes to the NAB Ordinance to protect its own from the accountability watchdog’s often overreaching arms, it has had a change of heart. By dint of an ordinance, passed by the acting president, several key changes, made through a set of amendments last summer that had almost completely gutted the NAB law, now stand reversed. It appears that someone belatedly realised that the powers taken away from the accountability watchdog were, in fact, rather useful towards keeping ‘undesirables’ in check. After the new ordinance, the NAB chairman can once again have someone arrested even if the case against them is still in the ‘inquiry’ stage. Not only that, such a person can then be remanded to NAB custody for 30 days instead of the 14 under the amendments made last year. This ordinance, passed in the dead of the night after the National Assembly was conveniently prorogued earlier in the day, smacks of both rank hypocrisy and malicious intent. One doesn’t need to do a lot of math to figure out who the intended target of this fresh amendment is. It may be recalled that this government, when criticised last year about the manner in which it had set about ‘fixing’ the NAB laws, had justified itself by arguing that the accountability body had traditionally been used as a tool of coercion and victimisation against politicians. Why, then, is it now weaponising NAB for precisely the same ends? It must also be asked why the government dispensed with parliamentary procedure to have the fresh amendment enforced through a presidential ordinance, especially when this same parliament had approved the amendments made last year. What reasoning could possibly justify the haste? It appears that no lesson has been learnt from the controversies that marred the 2018 elections. With all manner of pre-election engineering tricks being brought back into play, the country seems doomed to repeat a political cycle that will ultimately culminate in a fresh social crisis. Published in Dawn, July 6th, 2023

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SUMMARY:

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This editorial discusses the recent reversal of changes made to the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) law in Pakistan. Last year, the government made amendments to protect its own from the accountability watchdog, but now it has reversed those changes through an ordinance. The new ordinance gives the NAB chairman the power to arrest individuals even during the inquiry stage and extends the remand period. The editorial criticizes the government for its hypocrisy and malicious intent, as it had previously justified the changes by claiming that NAB was used as a tool of coercion and victimization against politicians. The government’s use of a presidential ordinance, bypassing parliamentary procedure, is also questioned. The editorial raises concerns about the repetition of political cycles and potential social crises in the country.

SUMMARY In Easy words!:

This article is about a recent change in the law in Pakistan. Last year, the government made changes to protect itself from a watchdog organization called NAB. Now, the government has reversed those changes through a new law called an ordinance. The new law gives the NAB chairman more power to arrest people even before a proper investigation is done and allows them to keep the person in custody for a longer time. The article criticizes the government for being hypocritical and not following proper procedures. It also raises concerns about the impact of these changes on the country’s politics and society.

Solutions of The Problem:

To address the issues raised by the recent reversal of changes to the NAB law in Pakistan, the following solutions can be considered:

1. Transparency and Accountability: Ensure transparency in the process of making and amending laws. The government should provide clear justifications for any changes and involve relevant stakeholders, including the parliament, in decision-making processes.
2. Adherence to Parliamentary Procedures: Uphold the importance of parliamentary procedures in enacting and amending laws. Avoid bypassing the proper legislative channels, such as using presidential ordinances, and instead engage in meaningful debates and discussions within the parliament.
3. Comprehensive Review of NAB: Conduct a comprehensive review of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) to address any concerns of bias, misuse of power, or politicization. This review should involve independent experts and stakeholders to ensure the accountability process remains fair, impartial, and effective.
4. Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Strengthen democratic institutions and promote the separation of powers to prevent the concentration of authority and prevent the abuse of power. This can be achieved through the promotion of checks and balances, independent judiciary, and a free press.
5. Public Awareness and Engagement: Promote public awareness and engagement regarding legal reforms and changes to prevent arbitrary or biased actions. Encourage civil society organizations, media, and citizens to actively participate in discussions on legislative matters and hold the government accountable.

By implementing these solutions, Pakistan can strive for a more transparent, accountable, and democratic governance system that upholds the rule of law and protects the rights and interests of its citizens.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the Article:

• The government of Pakistan has reversed changes made to the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) law through an ordinance.
• The new ordinance grants the NAB chairman the power to arrest individuals during the inquiry stage and extends the remand period to 30 days.
• The government’s decision to pass the ordinance, bypassing parliamentary procedures, is criticized for its hypocrisy and malicious intent.
• The article questions why the government is now using NAB for coercion and victimization, which it previously criticized.
• The haste in enforcing the fresh amendment through a presidential ordinance is highlighted, raising concerns about the repetition of political cycles and social crises.

IMPORTANT Facts and Figures out of the Article:

(Note: These facts and figures are not derived fromthe provided article but are general knowledge.)

• The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is an anti-corruption organization in Pakistan responsible for investigating and prosecuting corruption cases.
• The NAB was established in 1999 with the aim of eliminating corruption and ensuring accountability in public office.
• The NAB has the authority to investigate and prosecute cases of corruption, embezzlement, money laundering, and other white-collar crimes.
• Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government where laws are made and amended through the legislative process involving the parliament.
• A presidential ordinance is a temporary law enacted by the president of Pakistan in exceptional circumstances, bypassing the regular legislative process.
• Parliamentary procedure refers to the rules and practices followed in the parliament for conducting debates, passing laws, and making decisions.
• Hypocrisy refers to the act of pretending to have beliefs or virtues that one does not actually possess.
• Malicious intent refers to having harmful intentions or motives behind one’s actions.
• The 2018 elections in Pakistan were marred by controversies and allegations of electoral engineering and manipulation.
• Social crisis refers to a situation where society faces significant challenges, conflicts, or disruptions that may have negative impacts on stability and well-being.

VOCABULARY:

1. Prejudice (noun) (تعصب): Preconceived opinion or bias formed without proper knowledge or examination of facts.
2. Overreaching (adjective) (بیش حد): Extending one’s actions, influence, or power beyond what is reasonable or appropriate.
3. Gutted (adjective) (کھوکھلا): Severely weakened or destroyed.
4. Coercion (noun) (زبردستی): The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
5. Victimization (noun) (بدلہ): The action of singling someone out for mistreatment or persecution.
6. Parliamentary (adjective) (قومی اسمبلی سے متعلق): Relating to a parliament or the procedures of a parliament.
7. Enforced (adjective) (لاگو کیا گیا): Put into effect or operation.
8. Rank (adjective) (ناپاک): Complete and utter.
9. Hypocrisy (noun) (منافقت): The practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs that one’s behavior does not reflect.
10. Malicious (adjective) (بدنیت): Intending to do harm or cause injury deliberately.
11. Parliament (noun) (قومی اسمبلی): The highest legislative body in a country.
12. Procedures (noun) (طریقہ کار): A series of actions conducted in a certain order or manner.
13. Engineering (noun) (انجینئری): The act of designing or constructing something using scientific and technical knowledge.
14. Crisis (noun) (سنگین صورت حال): A time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger.
15. Bypassing (verb) (چھوڑ دینا): Avoiding or going around something or someone.
16. Arbitrary (adjective) (خودمختار): Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
17. Stakeholders (noun) (متاثرہ افراد):Individuals or groups who have an interest or stake in a particular issue, decision, or organization.
18. Impartial (adjective) (بلاطرف): Treating all parties or people fairly and without bias.
19. Democracy (noun) (جمہوریت): A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it through elected representatives.
20. Accountability (noun) (احتساب): The obligation to take responsibility for one’s actions and to be answerable for the outcomes.

 

These articles are published by Dawn News today dated  July 6th, 2023 

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